This is what multiple sclerosis (MS) looks like. Fortuitously, the six-month anniversary of my diagnosis happens to land during MS Awareness Month, which gave me a great excuse to raise money for MS while training for a 5K run. While the last year has been a roller coaster as we all navigate the on-going pandemic and I continue building my brand-new lab (after starting my new job last summer), my MS diagnosis has forced me to take a step back and re-evaluate my priorities, lifestyle, and goals. What I have learned so far has me eating a bit healthier, drinking more water, exercising a bit differently, prioritizing self-care and quality personal time, and recommitting to a life dedicated to science and all that comes with it.
It all started towards the end of last summer, around Labor Day. It was my first summer back in the US after a long time living abroad. I had three whole glasses of wine on the night before Labor Day (a lot for me!) and woke up feeling crummy the next morning, which I simply attributed to a minor hangover. But then the symptoms didn´t abate in the coming days as they normally would. I felt rundown, very tired, and headache-y for about a week. Then, among other symptoms, I lost my sense of taste and had numbness in a few parts of my body, so assumed (given the current times) that I had contracted covid-19. I got a PCR covid test and waited two days for what I thought would be the positive test confirming my suspicions. But then, the test was negative, and I was feeling worse than ever. My New York-based family (all in the medical field) suggested going to the emergency room at the University of Miami, which is a really well-regarded hospital and not too far down the road, to get checked out. I had been feeling pretty crummy for nearly two weeks at this point, but still assumed that the UM docs would say that I was fine and send me on my way. I got checked out first by the ER doctor. Again, I was pretty sure that I was fine (even feeling guilty for taking up their valuable time) and brought my laptop to keep working to keep on top of my brand new and growing research lab. The first symptom that the doctor noticed (that I hadn´t up to that point) was that my right pupil was enlarged and less reactive compared to my left. This news immediately got my attention… So, they sent in a neurology resident to check me out. He was pretty wary that the ER doc got it right, so checked my eye as well. And, yup, there was definitely something funky going on in my eye. They immediately admitted me and ordered an MRI. By the next morning, I had my preliminary diagnosis of MS. The doctors wanted to rule out a few other things, but all evidence pointed to MS (and all of other tests in the coming weeks just reinforced that diagnosis). What I came to learn is that I had what is called relapsing-remitting MS, which means that folks like me have “flare-ups” of their MS intermittently throughout their lives followed by periods of remission where they come back to their (sometimes new) baseline, often with varying degrees of (sometimes little to no) symptoms once in remission. But recovering from a flare-up takes time, and that time period varies a lot for different people, largely because the symptoms associated with a flare-up can vary so widely between different people. What is happening during these flare-ups is that your immune system attacks the neuron´s myelin sheath (which acts to help transmit signals from your brain around your body and back). When the myelin is damaged, the communication of signals from the brain to the body can breakdown, creating a range of symptoms (sometimes seemingly unrelated). In the initial days of a flare-up (which can lead to severe inflammation in the central nervous system), the doctors nip it in the bud using high-dosage steroids. So, I stuck around the hospital for five days to get these high-dosage steroids through an IV. In the times of covid-19 though, my loved ones weren´t allowed to visit for everyone´s safety, so I was relieved when I was finally discharged and could be around my support system in 3D, rather than just video and phone chats. Six months on, I am finally recovering back to a new normal and learning to manage my lingering symptoms. I run slower than I used to, and I still use lighter weights than I did even two weeks before I went into the hospital. Unlike in the past, I need 7-8 hours of sleep per night, I eat less inflammatory foods (I miss red meat!), I make sure to stay hydrated, and I prioritize exercise - I have even started meditating thanks to the Headspace app, but this is an activity I am still working on making a habit. These new priorities are examples of habits that all healthy humans should prioritize, but they have now become essential management strategies for me. In the past, I typically got 5-6 hours of sleep, often ate crappy foods, and didn´t prioritize exercise over work. I am exceptionally lucky to have a wonderful support system – my husband has been goddamn amazing these past few months (I seriously didn´t wash a dish, cook a meal, do laundry, etc. – all of the basic needs – for 3 months, just so I could focus on other things like recovery and keeping up with work). I also feel extraordinarily lucky that this happened at a point later in my life. I traveled carefree through my 20´s and early 30´s, without having to keep track of my medical needs. Through these diverse, bucket-list experiences, I also became confident in who I am as an individual and have a strong identity that is unchanged by this diagnosis. At this point, I also have sufficient scientific training to not only understand what my doctors are telling me, but to dig into the scientific literature myself (including clinical trial data) and understand what the latest science is saying (for instance, I know a lot more about processes like neural plasticity and how to promote it in myself thanks to very recent literature). For MS, a TON has been learned in just the last few years. For instance, prior to 2017, you had to have not one but TWO flare-ups before they would officially diagnose MS, which meant delaying essential treatment and decreasing the quality of the long-term prognosis (you only need one flare-up for diagnosis thanks to the updated diagnostic criteria from 2017, called the McDonald Criteria). My own long-term treatment was only approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the US in 2017. I have heard countless stories about people that spent 10-20+ years with a myriad of symptoms (sometimes intermittently) before they were finally believed, given essential diagnostic tests, and eventually diagnosed with and treated for MS. I was believed from the get-go, got my diagnostic tests immediately, and had my preliminary diagnosis within 24 hours of going into the hospital, which is utterly amazing. And I have a much brighter and more hopeful long-term prognosis as a result (i.e. the goal is no more than a handful of flare-ups throughout my entire life). Now, as I re-evaluate my professional priorities, I have always been committed to promoting diversity, equity, and inclusion in STEM disciplines. In the past, I was particularly focused on issues related to gender, socioeconomic status, race, and sexual orientation. However, my diagnosis broadens my perspective on groups that have previously encountered boundaries to success in STEM, including MS. Even 20 years ago, I am not sure that I could have continued in STEM with my diagnosis. Finally, in 2021, I think that this sentiment and the stigmas that supported it are rapidly dissipating, and I perceive my diagnosis as only a strength in broadening my perspective on groups that should be encouraged and promoted in my STEM field. My obstinate nature prevents me from quitting what I have been working towards for almost 20 years. Even since my diagnosis, I have been able to continue mentoring students, publishing papers, applying for grants, peer-reviewing papers, etc. These successes helped me realize that my diagnosis is only a barrier to professional success if I let it be (which I won´t because I am too darn stubborn!). After not running for three months, I completed a 5K run this weekend, benefiting the Multiple Sclerosis Association of America (MSAA, https://mymsaa.org/). For more information on MS, you can also visit the National Multiple Sclerosis Society website (https://www.nationalmssociety.org/), which has a ton of useful resources. If you want to donate to our charity run team, you can find our team fundraiser page here: https://runsignup.com/teamlimprizkit.
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After nearly 8 years and thousands of hours of work, our passion side project was published today in the journal eLife. Woo hoo!! Those of us that worked on it (all originally based at James Cook University, in Townsville, Australia) are now spread across three countries and four institutions. In this paper, our goal was to better understand how organisms respond in the short term to thermal challenges, which became even more ecologically relevant with the onset of the marine heatwave in 2016 that spurred a massive coral bleaching event on the Great Barrier Reef and around the globe. Even more immediately pressing than future climate change is the increasing frequency and severity of these extreme underwater heatwaves that we are already seeing around the world today, and this paper shows that not all organisms can deal with these rapid changes. We used the five-lined cardinalfish (Cheilodipterus quinquelineatus, left photo above, photo credit Dr. Jodie Rummer) and the red-belly yellowtail fusilier (Caesio cuning, right photo above, photo credit Dr. Victor Huertas), and found that the cardinalfish often exhibited high mortality in the face of rapid temperature increases. The fusilier, on the other hand, was quicker to make physiological adjustments to cope with this thermal challenge. “Our findings are immensely useful for scientists but also for managers, conservation planners, and policy makers charged with protecting important ecosystems, such as coral reefs, as well as communities who rely on coral reefs for food, culture, jobs, and their livelihoods. Collectively, we need to be able to predict which species are going to survive and which will be most vulnerable to climate change so we can take action, as the decisions we make today will determine what coral reefs look like tomorrow,” said my co-author Dr. Jodie Rummer (Associate Professor at James Cook University´s ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies).
Check out the article here: https://elifesciences.org/articles/59162
Our new paper came out this week in Functional Ecology showing that parasites begin having energetic impacts on their hosts long before infection takes hold. Using the California killifish and its brain infecting parasite Euhaplorchis californiensis, we observed major increases in metabolic rate and activity in killifish hosts in response to infectious parasites in the environment, highlighting that parasites can disrupt their host´s metabolism even before they start feeding on them.
Check out the paper here: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1365-2435.13695?af=R And the press release from Scripps Institution of Oceanography here: https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/new-study-finds-parasites-can-drain-energy-hosts-prior-infection
After an exceptionally strange and field-less year, it was SOOO nice to get back out in the field again, even for the day. We headed up to Fort Pierce, FL (about 2 hours north of Dania Beach) to look for local killifish in the mangroves with Dr. Nancy Smith (Eckerd College). We caught lots of cool critters - but no killifish unfortunately! Next time!
 In my new Outside JEB article, I look at an area of research that I have learned more about over the last couple of years - specifically, neurophysiology and neurotransmitter signaling in the brain. In Peng et al. 2020´s recent paper in Biology Letters, the author´s looked at the brain´s role in foraging in social animal groups. They investigated the role of octopamine in how stingless bee individuals and social groups find food and perceive its value. Octopamine supplementation increase individual foraging by 75% and reduced the time for social learning of foraging locations. Very cool work!
 What do you do when you need to move from California to Florida in the middle of a pandemic? You buy and kit out a campervan and drive! My postdoc has wrapped up and I am heading to Florida to start a new position. Flying is out for the time being, and we had grand plans for a vacation abroad. But instead, we will be checking out all of the amazing sights that the US has to offer, starting with Route 66. Our van (a 1996 Chevy Express, named Hamish in honor of my Scottish husband) will be our sleeping quarters and moving truck for the foreseeable future. Looking forward to it! Taking social distancing to the next level. :)
 It is so wonderful to be back in San Diego, at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, thanks to the NMBU Postdoc International Travel Grant, to wrap up some of my research here in San Diego with my PI, Prof Ryan Hechinger. We will be working on analyzing data and writing papers for the next two months.
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